B1Sentence structure

La forma passiva

The passive with essere and the participle

essere plus participle — same idea as English be plus participle, but the participle agrees.

When the action matters more than the doer

News reports, recipes, contracts and museum labels rarely say who does something. What matters is what happens. That is what the passive is for — in Italian la forma passiva.

The rebuild is the one you know from English: the object of the active sentence moves to the front and becomes the subject. Calvino ha scritto il libro becomes il libro è stato scritto.

Active becomes passive

Calvino ha scritto questo romanzo.

Calvino wrote this novel. (active)

Questo romanzo è stato scritto da Calvino.

This novel was written by Calvino. (passive)

La pizza è fatta con farina, acqua e lievito.

Pizza is made with flour, water and yeast.

English has three passives, Italian has one

English chooses between the door is closed, the door is being closed and the door got closed. Italian has one form, essere plus participle, and lets the tense and the context do the rest. There is no Italian get-passive.

State and event

La porta è chiusa.

The door is shut. (state)

La porta è stata chiusa alle otto.

The door was closed at eight. (event)

In simple tenses the same è chiusa can mean „is shut“ or „is (being) closed“; context decides. è stata chiusa is clearly an event. My bike got stolen is simply La mia bici è stata rubata.

The participle agrees

English participles never change: invited is invited for everyone. The Italian participle behaves like an adjective here — it agrees with the subject in gender and number. The stem takes the fitting ending -o, -a, -i or -e.

invitare — to invite

Subjectessere plus participleExample
masculine singularè invitatoMarco è invitato alla festa.
feminine singularè invitataAnna è invitata alla festa.
masculine pluralsono invitatiI colleghi sono invitati alla festa.
feminine pluralsono invitateLe ragazze sono invitate alla festa.

The participle follows the subject

In the passato prossimo you have two participles in a row — and both follow the subject: La lettera è stata scritta, I documenti sono stati firmati. English has an invariable has been written here, so check this every time.

Agreement in context

La casa è stata venduta il mese scorso.

The house was sold last month.

Le lettere sono state spedite ieri.

The letters were sent yesterday.

I documenti sono stati firmati dal direttore.

The documents were signed by the director.

Only essere carries the tense

The participle of the main verb stays the same; only essere changes tense. Exactly as in English, where only be moves: is / was / will be written. If you can conjugate essere, you can build the passive in any tense.

essere in the passive

TenseessereExample
PresenteèQuesto formaggio è prodotto in Emilia.
ImperfettoeroDa bambino ero accompagnato a scuola da mia nonna.
Passato prossimoè statoIl problema è stato risolto in due giorni.
Futuro semplicesaràLa notizia sarà pubblicata domani mattina.

When you need the passive

The doer is unknown or irrelevant

La mia bici è stata rubata in stazione.

My bike got stolen at the station.

Il volo è stato cancellato.

The flight has been cancelled.

The doer is named

L'accordo è stato firmato da entrambi i paesi.

The agreement was signed by both countries.

La Cappella Sistina è stata dipinta da Michelangelo.

The Sistine Chapel was painted by Michelangelo.

Rules and notices with a modal verb

With a modal verb, essere goes into the infinitive, just like English must be paid; the participle still agrees.

I biglietti devono essere convalidati prima di salire.

Tickets must be validated before boarding.

Le camere devono essere prenotate in anticipo.

Rooms must be booked in advance.

Only the direct object can become the subject, so verbs without one — andare, arrivare, piacere — have no passive. English is more generous: it also promotes indirect and prepositional objects (I was given a book, I was phoned). Italian does not: say Mi hanno dato un libro and Mi hanno telefonato, literally „they gave me a book“, „they phoned me“. Not Sono stato dato un libro or Sono stato telefonato.

Practise it in conversation.

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