B2Sentence structure

Argumenter : les connecteurs

Building an argument with connectors

Certes, c'est cher. Mais c'est le seul moyen. — how an argument sounds in French.

An argument has a shape

A discussion contribution, a work email, a letter to a newspaper: they all follow a visible movement. The connecteurs are its signposts.

A paragraph in four steps

  • 1

    Tout d'abord

    You open, with your strongest point.

  • 2

    En outre

    You add a second point pushing the same way.

  • 3

    Certes … mais

    You grant the objection and defuse it.

  • 4

    Par conséquent

    You draw the conclusion.

The connectors, sorted by job

Which step, which word

FunctionConnectors
openingtout d'abord, en premier lieu (firstly), pour commencer
addingen outre, qui plus est (and what's more)
structuringd'une part … d'autre part, d'un côté … de l'autre
escalatingnon seulement … mais encore, voire (even)
concedingcertes, il est vrai que, bien sûr, sans doute
objectingnéanmoins, toutefois, or (now, as it happens)
justifyingétant donné que (given that), dans la mesure où (insofar as)
illustratingpar exemple, notamment (notably), en particulier
concludingen conclusion, en définitive (ultimately), par conséquent

Connectors for written and formal argument

Adding, structuring, escalating

d'une part … d'autre part is the classic two-part split, the equivalent of on the one hand … on the other hand. Set the first half and you owe the second. Its everyday cousin is d'un côté … de l'autre. en outre adds a further point and is more written than de plus.

D'une part, le poste est mal payé ; d'autre part, les horaires sont difficiles.

On the one hand the job is badly paid; on the other, the hours are hard.

Tout d'abord, je voudrais rappeler les faits.

First of all, I'd like to go back over the facts.

Le logiciel est rapide ; en outre, il est gratuit.

The software is fast; what's more, it's free.

Objecting and pivoting

néanmoins (nevertheless) is a strong, formal objection. or is not English or: it is the pivot of a demonstration (now, as it happens) and introduces the fact that changes everything. néanmoins and toutefois can also sit inside the sentence between commas.

Le projet est séduisant ; néanmoins, il reste trop risqué.

The project is appealing; nevertheless, it remains too risky.

Il promettait une réponse rapide. Or, trois semaines ont passé.

He promised a quick answer. Now, three weeks have gone by.

Il a, toutefois, refusé de signer.

He did, however, refuse to sign.

Justifying and concluding

étant donné que and dans la mesure où present a reason as the starting point and take the indicative. Note that en effet means indeed and gives a reason; it is not English in effect. To finish, draw the balance with en conclusion, en définitive or par conséquent.

Étant donné que les délais sont trop courts, nous refusons l'offre.

Given that the deadlines are too short, we are turning the offer down.

Je suis d'accord dans la mesure où le budget est respecté.

I agree insofar as the budget is respected.

En conclusion, cette solution me paraît la plus raisonnable.

In conclusion, this solution strikes me as the most sensible one.

Practise it in conversation.

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