C2Sentence structure

Propositions infinitives et participiales soutenues

Formal infinitive and participle clauses

Ayant terminé, il partit: fewer conjunctions, more density, but the link has to be right.

Clauses without a conjunction

Formal prose condenses. Where everyday French needs comme, parce que or après que, it often uses a participle or infinitive phrase instead. The sentence becomes shorter and tighter, but you need precise control over what the phrase refers to.

Same statement, two registers

With a clause

Comme elle avait terminé son rapport, elle quitta le bureau.

As she had finished her report, she left the office.

Il reste une question : savoir si le budget suffira.

One question remains: whether the budget will be enough.

Condensed

Ayant terminé son rapport, elle quitta le bureau.

Having finished her report, she left the office.

Reste à savoir si le budget suffira.

It remains to be seen whether the budget will be enough.

The fronted participle

Ayant or étant + participle at the start of a sentence expresses that something happened first, often mixed with a reason. With n'ayant it becomes a negative reason, typical of business letters.

N'ayant reçu aucune réponse, nous nous permettons de vous relancer.

Having received no reply, we are taking the liberty of following up.

Étant arrivés en retard, les invités manquèrent le discours.

Having arrived late, the guests missed the speech.

Ayant examiné votre dossier, nous sommes au regret de ne pouvoir y donner suite.

Having reviewed your application, we regret that we are unable to proceed with it.

Formal infinitive constructions

Five infinitive patterns condense statements that everyday language needs a whole clause for.

Pattern and equivalent

PatternExampleEquivalent
Reste à + infinitiveReste à trouver un financement.Il reste à trouver …
À + infinitive at the startÀ l'en croire, tout va bien.Si on le croit, …
pour + past infinitiveIl fut renvoyé pour avoir menti.parce qu'il avait menti
Et + subject + de + infinitiveEt chacun de rire.Et chacun se mit à rire.
Question word + infinitiveComment lui annoncer la nouvelle ?Comment est-ce que je peux …

À bien y réfléchir, sa proposition n'est pas si mauvaise.

On reflection, his proposal isn't that bad.

Elle a été récompensée pour avoir sauvé trois enfants.

She received an award for having saved three children.

Le ministre promit des réformes. Et les journalistes de sourire.

The minister promised reforms. At which the journalists smiled.

Infinitif de narration: a pointed reaction

Que répondre à une telle accusation ?

What can one say to such an accusation?

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