A2Cases

Dative Case: Indirect Object

English marks the receiver with word order or a little to. German marks it on the article — and then a whole set of verbs takes it whether a receiver is involved or not.

The case of the receiver

I give the man a book. English shows who receives the book by word order, or with a little word: I give a book to the man. The nouns and the never change. German marks the receiver on the article instead: the receiver goes into the Dativ, and der Mann becomes dem Mann. The article already says to, so German adds no extra word for it.

The same man in three roles

Der Mann wartet.

The man is waiting.

Nominativ (wer?): he is the subject

Ich sehe den Mann.

I see the man.

Akkusativ (wen?): he is the direct object

Ich gebe dem Mann ein Buch.

I give the man a book.

Dativ (wem?): he receives the book

The forms

There are only four dative forms of the article, but two of them look like forms you know: feminine der looks like the masculine nominative, and plural den looks like the masculine accusative.

Articles in the Dativ

GenderNominativAkkusativDativ
masculineder / einden / einendem / einem
femininedie / einedie / eineder / einer
neuterdas / eindas / eindem / einem
pluraldiedieden + noun-n

Masculine and neuter share dem; feminine takes der; plural takes den.

In the dative plural the noun also takes an -n: die Kinder → den Kindern, die Freunde → den Freunden. If the plural already ends in -n or -s, nothing is added: den Frauen, den Autos.

kein, mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer and Ihr take the same endings as ein: meinem Bruder, meiner Schwester, meinen Freunden.

Ich helfe dem Lehrer.

I'm helping the teacher.

Ich schreibe der Lehrerin eine Mail.

I'm writing the teacher an email.

der is feminine dative here, not masculine nominative

Wir zeigen dem Kind die Bilder.

We're showing the child the pictures.

Sie erzählt den Kindern eine Geschichte.

She's telling the children a story.

Das gehört meiner Schwester.

That belongs to my sister.

When to use the dative

The receiver

Verbs of giving, showing, telling and buying take a person in the Dativ and a thing in the Akkusativ: geben, schenken, zeigen, erklären, schicken, kaufen.

Ich kaufe meinem Sohn ein Fahrrad.

I'm buying my son a bike.

Er erklärt den Studenten die Regel.

He explains the rule to the students.

Zeigst du mir die Fotos?

Will you show me the photos?

Verbs that only take the dative

Some verbs take a dative even though nothing is handed over. Learn each one together with its case: not helfen = to help, but helfen + Dativ.

  • helfen (to help): Kannst du mir helfen?

  • danken (to thank): Ich danke dir.

  • antworten (to answer): Antworte deinem Vater!

  • gehören (to belong to): Das Auto gehört meinem Bruder.

  • gefallen (to please, to like): Das Bild gefällt mir.

  • schmecken (to taste good): Die Suppe schmeckt mir.

  • passen (to fit, to suit): Der Termin passt mir nicht.

gefallen, schmecken and passen turn the English sentence around. I like the film has I as the subject, but German says Der Film gefällt mir, literally the film pleases me. The thing is the subject in the Nominativ, and you are the dative.

Die Wohnung gefällt uns sehr.

We really like the flat.

literally: the flat pleases us a lot

Wem gehört der Schlüssel?

Whose key is this?

wem? is the dative question word

Ich danke Ihnen für die Hilfe.

Thank you for your help.

Practise it in conversation.

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