B1Sentence structure

Infinitive Clauses with zu

English puts *to* in front of the second verb. German does the same with *zu*, but at the end of the clause, sometimes inside the verb, and sometimes not at all.

The second verb with zu

English builds many sentences from a verb, to and a second verb: I hope to come, I forgot to call. German does the same with zu. The difference is the position: German pushes the whole infinitive group to the end of the clause, so zu plus the verb is the last thing you say.

Ich habe vor, nach Berlin zu ziehen.

I'm planning to move to Berlin.

Ich habe vergessen, dich anzurufen.

I forgot to call you.

zu stands inside the separable verb

Where zu goes

With most verbs, zu is a separate word right in front of the infinitive. With a separable verb it moves inside the word, between prefix and stem, and everything is written as one word: anrufen becomes anzurufen.

Where the zu lands

Verb typeInfinitive → with zuIn a clause
simple verbkommen → zu kommenIch hoffe, morgen zu kommen.
separable verbaufstehen → aufzustehenEs ist Zeit, aufzustehen.
inseparable verb (be-, ver-, er-, ent-)verstehen → zu verstehenIch versuche, dich zu verstehen.
two verbs at the endarbeiten müssen → arbeiten zu müssenIch habe keine Lust, am Sonntag arbeiten zu müssen.

Ich habe keine Lust, früh aufzustehen.

I don't feel like getting up early.

Vergiss nicht, Milch einzukaufen.

Don't forget to buy milk.

Ich versuche, das Formular zu verstehen.

I'm trying to understand the form.

Hast du Lust, mitzukommen?

Do you feel like coming along?

What opens an infinitive clause

There is no rule that predicts which verbs take zu. As in English (hope to go, but let him go), you learn them with the verb. They fall into four groups.

Four groups worth learning together

Plans and decisions

vorhaben, planen, beschließen, versprechen, vergessen

Trying and starting

versuchen, anfangen, aufhören, es schaffen

Hopes and feelings

hoffen, Angst haben, sich weigern

Phrases with a noun or adjective

Lust haben, Zeit haben, es ist wichtig, es ist schwer, es ist verboten

The last group is the most useful. Any es ist + adjective and any haben + noun phrase can be followed by an infinitive clause: Es ist schwer, Deutsch zu lernen. Ich habe keine Zeit, das zu machen.

Wir haben vor, im Sommer zu heiraten.

We're planning to get married in the summer.

Er hat aufgehört, zu rauchen.

He has stopped smoking.

Es ist wichtig, jeden Tag zu üben.

It's important to practise every day.

Ich habe heute keine Zeit, ins Büro zu fahren.

I don't have time to go to the office today.

Hast du Lust, heute Abend essen zu gehen?

Do you feel like going out to eat tonight?

Where there is no zu

A small group of verbs takes a bare infinitive, without zu: the modal verbs (müssen, können, wollen, …), hören and sehen with an object, lassen, and gehen. Most other verbs that take a second verb use zu.

Ich muss jetzt gehen.

I have to go now.

modal: no zu

Ich versuche, jetzt zu gehen.

I'm trying to leave now.

versuchen: zu

Ich höre ihn singen.

I hear him singing.

hören: no zu

Wir gehen am Samstag schwimmen.

We're going swimming on Saturday.

gehen: no zu

Infinitive clause or dass clause?

The infinitive clause has no subject of its own. So it only works when the person who does the second verb is also the subject of the main clause. If somebody else does it, you need a dass clause with its own subject and the verb at the end.

Ich hoffe, bald zu kommen.

I hope to come soon.

I hope, I come: one person

Ich hoffe, dass du bald kommst.

I hope that you'll come soon.

I hope, you come: two people

A few verbs let their object do the second verb: bitten, raten, erlauben, helfen. Here the infinitive clause is possible even though the doers differ: Ich bitte dich, früher zu kommen.

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