B1Sentence structure

Time Clauses: als, wenn, nachdem, bevor, während

English has one *when*. German asks first whether the event happened once in the past (als) or not (wenn).

Putting two events in order

A time clause says when something happens in relation to something else. It is a subordinate clause: the conjugated verb goes last. If the time clause comes first, the verb of the main clause follows right after the comma.

The connectors

ConnectorEnglishUse it whenExample
alswhenone event or period in the pastAls ich klein war, …
wennwhen, wheneverrepeated events, or present and futureWenn es regnet, …
nachdemafterthe clause event comes firstNachdem wir gegessen hatten, …
bevorbeforethe clause event comes secondBevor ich gehe, …
währendwhileboth events happen at the same timeWährend du kochst, …
bisuntilthe clause event ends the main eventWarte, bis ich zurückkomme.
seit / seitdemsincethe clause event started a state that still lastsSeit sie in Berlin wohnt, …

Bleib bitte hier, bis der Arzt dich aufruft.

Please stay here until the doctor calls you.

Seit sie in Berlin wohnt, sehen wir uns selten.

Since she's been living in Berlin, we rarely see each other.

present tense: she still lives there

als or wenn?

English when covers When I was a child, … and When I get home, …. German separates them. als needs both things: the event is in the past and it happened once. In every other case you use wenn: repeated events, the present, the future.

Once in the past, or not?

als: once, in the past

Als ich ein Kind war, hatten wir einen Hund.

When I was a child, we had a dog.

Als ich ankam, war das Büro schon zu.

When I arrived, the office was already closed.

wenn: repeated, present or future

Wenn es regnet, nehme ich den Bus.

When it rains, I take the bus.

Wenn ich fertig bin, rufe ich dich an.

When I'm finished, I'll call you.

Immer wenn wir Oma besuchten, gab es Kuchen.

Whenever we visited Grandma, there was cake.

past, but repeated: wenn, not als

nachdem, bevor, während

These three put the events in order. With nachdem, the clause event is finished first, so its verb is one tense further back than the main clause: hatte gegessen with a past main clause, habe gegessen with a present one. With bevor and während you need no such step.

nachdem

Nachdem wir gegessen hatten, gingen wir spazieren.

After we had eaten, we went for a walk.

Nachdem ich geduscht habe, trinke ich einen Kaffee.

After I've showered, I have a coffee.

bevor

Bevor ich gehe, mache ich das Fenster zu.

Before I leave, I'll close the window.

Lies den Vertrag, bevor du unterschreibst.

Read the contract before you sign.

während

Während du kochst, decke ich den Tisch.

While you cook, I'll set the table.

Ich mag Tee, während meine Frau lieber Kaffee trinkt.

I like tea, whereas my wife prefers coffee.

während can also contrast two things

These connectors always open a full clause with a subject and a verb. English before leaving has no German equivalent: say Bevor ich gehe, ….

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