B2Sentence structure

Word Order in the Mittelfeld

Between the two verb parts German adverbials follow a default order, and it is not the English one: time comes before place.

Te – Ka – Mo – Lo

The Mittelfeld is everything between the conjugated verb and the closing verb part (or, in a subordinate clause, between the conjunction and the final verb). When several adverbials stand there, they line up in a default order.

The four slots

SlotQuestionExamples
temporalwann? wie lange? wie oft?heute, morgen früh, seit einem Jahr, oft
causalwarum? wozu?deshalb, wegen des Termins, aus Zeitgründen, bei Regen
modalwie? womit?schnell, gern, allein, zu Fuß, mit dem Auto
localwo? wohin? woher?hier, zu Hause, in die Stadt, aus der Schweiz

Two to four slots at a time

Wir sind gestern zu Fuß nach Hause gegangen.

We walked home yesterday.

Te – Mo – Lo

Sie ist wegen der Kinder nach Köln gezogen.

She moved to Cologne because of the children.

Ka – Lo

Ich bin gestern wegen des Streiks mit dem Rad ins Büro gefahren.

I cycled to the office yesterday because of the strike.

Te – Ka – Mo – Lo

Sie hat gesagt, dass sie morgen zu Fuß ins Büro kommt.

She said she's walking to the office tomorrow.

A subordinate clause has the same order.

Before the adverbials: known before new

Subject, objects and adverbials follow a second principle: what is already known comes early, what is new comes late, close to the closing verb. When the two principles clash, this one wins.

The Mittelfeld from left to right

pronouns→definite nouns→Te – Ka – Mo – Lo→indefinite nouns, prepositional object

Pronouns go first

Ich habe es ihm gestern schon gesagt.

I already told him yesterday.

A pronoun points back at something known, so it stands in front of every adverbial.

Definite nouns tend to stand before the adverbial, indefinite ones after it

Ich habe den Brief gestern eingeworfen.

I posted the letter yesterday.

We both know which letter.

Ich habe gestern einen Brief eingeworfen.

I posted a letter yesterday.

New information, close to the verb.

A prepositional object usually comes last

Wir warten seit einer halben Stunde auf den Bus.

We've been waiting for the bus for half an hour.

Ich habe mich sehr über deine Nachricht gefreut.

I was really pleased about your message.

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