B2Verbs

Konjunktiv I: reported speech

English reports by shifting the tense back. German has a mood whose only job is to say: these are his words, not my claim.

Quoting without vouching

English reports speech by moving the tense one step back: He says he is ill becomes He said he was ill. German does not shift the tense. It switches the mood: the Konjunktiv I marks a clause as somebody else's words, without saying whether the reporter believes them. Nothing about it is unreal.

Same content, two registers

Er sagt, dass er krank ist.

He says he is ill.

Indikativ: everyday spoken German.

Er sagt, er sei krank.

He says he is ill.

Konjunktiv I: his claim, quoted and not endorsed.

The forms, and where they disappear

Konjunktiv I of kommen and sein

Personkommensein
ichkommesei
dukommestseiest
er / sie / eskommesei
wirkommenseien
ihrkommetseiet
sie / Siekommenseien

sein is the only irregular verb.

Reported speech is mostly about what he, she or the company said, so the third person singular does most of the work: er sei, er habe, er könne, er werde. For most verbs, ich, wir and sie (plural) look exactly like the Indikativ: ich komme, wir kommen, sie kommen. A form that looks like the Indikativ cannot mark anything, which leads to the fallback rule.

Der Minister erklärte, die Lage sei unter Kontrolle.

The minister stated that the situation was under control.

Der Sprecher betonte, man habe nichts zu verbergen.

The spokesman stressed that they had nothing to hide.

Die Firma teilte mit, sie werde keine Stellen streichen.

The company announced it would not cut any jobs.

The fallback rule

If the Konjunktiv I form is identical to the Indikativ, German uses the Konjunktiv II of the same verb instead. In careful written German this is the standard rule, not a style choice.

sie kommen⇒sie kämen

Sie sagen, sie kommen später reads as plain Indikativ. Sie sagen, sie kämen später restores the quoting signal. If the Konjunktiv II is also identical to the Präteritum, as with most weak verbs (sie sagten), use würde plus infinitive: sie würden sagen.

Die Nachbarn behaupten, sie hätten nichts gehört.

The neighbours claim they didn't hear anything.

sie haben would read as Indikativ.

Die Gäste schrieben, sie kämen eine Stunde später.

The guests wrote that they would be coming an hour later.

Sie sagten, sie würden sich später melden.

They said they would get in touch later.

meldeten would look like a plain past.

Past and future

The reported verb shows only the time relative to the act of speaking, not the original tense. Present stays present: Er sagte, er sei krank even if you report it a week later. For anything earlier, Perfekt, Präteritum and Plusquamperfekt all become one form: Konjunktiv I of haben or sein plus Partizip II. For anything later, use werde plus infinitive.

Original words and report

TimeOriginal wordsReported
same time„Ich wohne in Leipzig.“Sie sagt, sie wohne in Leipzig.
earlier„Ich habe in Leipzig gewohnt.“ / „Ich wohnte in Leipzig.“Sie sagt, sie habe in Leipzig gewohnt.
later„Ich werde nach Leipzig ziehen.“Sie sagt, sie werde nach Leipzig ziehen.

Er sagte, er sei gestern krank gewesen.

He said he had been ill yesterday.

Die Zeugen gaben an, sie hätten den Wagen nicht gesehen.

The witnesses stated that they had not seen the car.

Plural, so the fallback hätten replaces haben.

Questions and commands

A reported yes-no question takes ob, a W-question keeps its question word, and a command is reported with solle. In all three the verb is Konjunktiv I, or the Konjunktiv II fallback.

Sie fragte, ob ich noch Zeit hätte.

She asked whether I still had time.

Er wollte wissen, wann der Zug abfahre.

He wanted to know when the train left.

Der Chef sagte, ich solle ihn morgen anrufen.

The boss said I should call him tomorrow.

„Rufen Sie mich morgen an!“

Where you will meet it

Konjunktiv I is a written, formal form: news reports, court texts, minutes, academic writing. In conversation, German uses dass plus Indikativ, or a word like angeblich to show doubt. Using Konjunktiv I in a chat message sounds pompous.

Without dass, the clause keeps main-clause order and the verb stays in second position: Er sagte, er sei krank. With dass, the verb goes to the end: Er sagte, dass er krank sei. The Konjunktiv does not change word order.

Die Polizei teilte mit, es gebe keine Hinweise auf ein Verbrechen.

The police announced that there was no indication of a crime.

Der Mieter behauptet, er habe die Miete überwiesen.

The tenant claims he transferred the rent.

Er hat angeblich keine Zeit.

He supposedly doesn't have time.

Spoken German.

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